list of dictatorship countries

Examples include the Personalist/Military dictatorship of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 and the Single-Party/Military hybrid that controlled El Salvador from 1948 to 1984. The earliest military dictatorships developed in the post-classical era, particularly in Shogun-era Japan and in England under Cromwell. [84] Other nationalist movements in Europe established dictatorships based on the fascist model. Military dictatorships are controlled by military officers, one-party dictatorships are controlled by the leadership of a political party, and personalist dictatorships are controlled by a single individual. Repression is the accumulation of state behaviors that target actors who challenge beliefs, institutions, and actions of the dictatorship. 1 Norway 2 Iceland 3 Sweden 4 New Zealand 5 Denmark =6 Canada =6 Ireland 8 Australia =9 Switzerland =9 Finland Stability in a dictatorship is maintained through coercion and political repression, which involves the restriction of access to information, the tracking of the political opposition, and acts of violence. Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin were the leading examples of such modern totalitarian . Some of the most famous dictators in history include, of course, Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Nazi Germany from 1933-1945, Benito Mussolini, ruler of fascist Italy from 1922-1945, and Joseph Stalin,. Even in today's modern world, where freedom is prized and respected, you will still find examples of dictatorship governments around the globe. An alternation in power under electoral rules identical to the ones that brought the incumbent to office must have taken place. The required majority needed to remove the sitting government varies between countries but is termed a vote of no confidence. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. Personalist dictators may be members of the military or leaders of a political party, but neither the military nor the party exercises power independently from the dictator. Multiple political parties may exist, but one dominates the government, makes all the rules, is free to disseminate propaganda, and controls every aspect of every election (which may offer voters only a single candidate), thereby ensuring they win every time. The dictatorship was revived 120 years later by Sulla after his crushing of a populist movement, and 33 years after that by Julius Caesar. Malcolm Congal Aidan Julian Haldane, 23rd king of Gwynedd, reigned 1025 to 1074. [141] Should a dictatorship fail, elections also permit dictators and elites to accept defeat without fearing violent recourse. Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic Era, and the country's strategic location along the Silk Road connected it to the cultures of the Middle East and other parts of Asia. [145] Opposition parties in dictatorships may be restricted by preventing them from campaigning, banning more popular opposition parties, preventing opposition members from forming a party, or requiring that candidates be a member of the ruling party. Some of the most famous dictators in history include Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Saddam Hussein. The list of Dictatorship countries in Africa includes Nigeria and Zaire. The leader may be supported by a party or military, but still retains the overwhelming majority of power, especially regarding whom to place in which governmental roles, and relies heavily upon their own charisma to maintain control. Korea experienced military dictatorships under the rule of Yeon Gaesomun in the 7th century[58] and under the rule of the Goryeo military regime in the 12th and 13th centuries. Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, and Palestine are the only democratic nations in the region, with Israel being the only nation in this region that affords broad political liberties to its citizens. List of Cons of Dictatorships. [6], The opposition to a dictatorship represents all of the factions that are not part of the dictatorship and anyone that does not support the regime. China's constitution calls its government a "people's democratic dictatorship." This violence is frequently exercised through institutions such as military or police forces. [22], Military dictatorships are typically formed by a military coup in which senior officers use the military to overthrow the government. [35][36] These dictatorships often emerge either from loosely organized seizures of power, giving the leader opportunity to consolidate power, or from democratically elected leaders in countries with weak institutions, giving the leader opportunity to change the constitution. While Thailand remains the world's last active military dictatorship, other notable examples of modern countries with histories of military rule include: Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Greece. [citation needed]The typical military dictatorship in Latin America was ruled by a junta (derived from a Spanish word . Those who believe that he is a dictator argue that he imprisons his opponents, removed freedom of speechthe press can only publish what he allows them toand has restructured the government to give himself more and longer-lasting power. Here is a list of the ten worst dictators that Africans have ever seen in their history. If this institution can be effectively controlled by the dictator, it can become avaluable instruments of control over the population. The dictator of Italy from 1925 to 1945, Benito Mussolini founded the Fascist Party in 1919. The methodology is derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, regardless of geopolitical, geographic, ethnic or religious considerations. Right now, 74% families are homeowners. "[6], For a regime to be considered as a democracy by the DD scheme, it must meet the requirement of four rules below:[1]:69[3], Some regimes may meet the first three rules, but lack an alternation in power in its historical past; these regimes are classified as dictatorships because of cases where the incumbent only allows elections as long as they keep winning, and would refuse to step down if they lost. Some of the principal drivers of indoctrination are mass education policies, propaganda, and censorship. If you think that today's world is all about democracy, human rights, and freedoms, you live in a total illusion and you should definitely read our list of 15 countries with dictatorships today. [59] Shoguns were de facto military dictators in Japan beginning in 1185 and continuing for over six hundred years. Indeed, the 20th century, which witnessed the careers of Atatrk, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Francisco Franco, Mao Tse-tung, Juan Pern, Tito, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sukarno, Kwame Nkrumah, and Charles de Gaulle, could appear in history as the age of plebiscitary dictatorship. Dictatorships are authoritarian or totalitarian and can be classified as military dictatorships, one-party dictatorships, personalist dictatorships, or absolute monarchies. Equatorial Guinea. In oligarchies, the threat of a military coup comes from the strength of the military weighed against the concessions made to the military. [38] Due to the lack of accountability and the smaller group of elites, personalist dictatorships are more prone to corruption than other forms of dictatorship,[39] and they are more repressive than other forms of dictatorship. Dictatorships in the Middle East and Northern Africa are either illiberal republics in which a president holds power through unfair elections, or they are absolute monarchies in which power is inherited. [27], One-party dictatorships are more stable than other forms of authoritarian rule, as they are less susceptible to insurgency and see higher economic growth. Many are noted for their cruelty, while others are honored as national heroes. [126] In particular, censorship by dictatorships helps solidify claims of legitimacy and marginalize the voices of opposition critics. The chief executive must be chosen by popular election or by a body that was itself popularly elected. If the head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term then, the democracy is mixed or semi-presidential. Albania - Communist Regime 3. Since 1945 Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East have been common areas for all military dictatorships. 10. [37], Personalist dictators typically favor loyalty over competence in their governments and have a general distrust of intelligentsia. Its capital and most populous city is Algiers. Myanmar has been thrown into the darkness of the military dictatorship once again as this morning, the military junta arrested "The daughter of democracy" Aung San Suu Kyi and reinstated the military rule. People living under a dictatorship are often persecuted for unethical reasons, including their religion, sexual orientation, or economic status. Stability can be weakened when opposition groups grow and unify or when elites are not loyal to the regime. [19], Military dictatorships are regimes in which military officers hold power, determine who will lead the country, and exercise influence over policy. Binary measure of democracy and dictatorship, Six-fold regime classification scheme and its rules, Comparison with other democracy-measuring data sets, Studies in Comparative International Development, "Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense", Przeworski, Alvarez, Cheibub, and Limongi: Democracy and development, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy-Dictatorship_Index&oldid=1141715357, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2023, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [1] Photo: Lars Klove. [130] One-party dictatorships are generally more stable and last longer than military or personalist dictatorships. As you can see, fascism was at its highest popularity during the 1930's. 1. Single-party dictatorships: 5. The 2010 version of Polity data series covers 189 countries from 1800 to 2009. [126]This tactic involves policies on land reform, poverty alleviation, public health, housing, education, and employment programs that force citizens to be dependent on the state for relatively adequate living standards. These individuals form an inner circle, making up a class of elites that hold a degree of power within the dictatorship and receive benefits in exchange for their support. As the dictatorship becomes more established, it moves away from violence by resorting to the use of other coercive measures, such as restricting people's access to information and tracking the political opposition. While the People's Republic of China was initially aligned with the Soviet Union, relations between the two countries deteriorated as the Soviet Union underwent de-Stalinization in the late-1950s. [91], The Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, splitting the Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek and the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong. [8], Totalitarianism is a variation of dictatorship characterized by the presence of a single political party and more specifically, by a powerful leader who imposes personal and political prominence. The 20th century also saw the rise of personalist dictatorships in Africa and military dictatorships in Latin America, both of which became prominent in the 1960s and 1970s. Many others developed following a period of warlordism. Some of the multi-party states with governing communist parties include Brazil, Nepal, India, and Russia. [25], One-party dictatorships are governments in which a single political party dominates politics. Like most dictators, they also often employ secret police and violence to silence critics. This does not indicate cases of semi-democracy or semi-dictatorship. The expected result is to coerce citizens into complying with the dictatorships demands in order to benefit from the state-controlled resources. Democracies are classified by the rules in which executives can be appointed or removed and can be either presidential, mixed or semi-presidential, or parliamentary. Like the two individuals above, Imelda Marcos gained her power through being the wife of a military dictator. Also, dictatorships . [8]:454 The government composes the chief executive and the heads of the executive departments. A semi-presidential (mixed) democracy has a government that needs the majority of support from a legislature to exist and whose head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term. The dictator is the absolute ruler. They are often unstable, and the average duration of a military dictatorship is only five years, but they are often followed by additional military coups and military dictatorships. Elections also support the legitimacy of a dictatorship by presenting the image of a democracy, establishing plausible deniability of its status as a dictatorship for both the populace and foreign governments. [16], Most dictatorships are formed through military means or through a political party. It is the seventh largest country in Africa, and is bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean and Luanda is its capital city. His economic plans have been praised by leaders like Kemal Pasha. After the recent death of Idriss Deby in April 2021, his son Mahamat Deby took over. There's no room for opposition or . [45] Although, when it comes to polling and elections a dictator could use his power to override private preferences. ", "Dictators and Their Followers: A Theory of Dictatorship", "The many Robespierres from 1794 to the present", "A Family of Political Concepts: Tyranny, Despotism, Bonapartism, Caesarism, Dictatorship, 1750-1917", "The Age of the Caudillos: A Chapter in Hispanic American History", "Europe Will be a Fascist Europe: July 1934May 1936", "African military coups d'tat, 19562001: frequency, trends and distribution", "From Protest to Change of Regime: The 419 Revolt and The Fall of the Rhee Regime in South Korea*", "The waning of the military coup in Arab politics", "Introduction: Studying Communist Dictatorships: From Comparative to Transnational History", "Military Coups and Military Rule in Latin America", "Cuba: The United States and Batista, 1952-58", "The Predicament of Europe's 'Last Dictator', "The Kremlin Emboldened: How Putin Wins Support", "The Resistible Rise of Vladimir Putin: Russia's Nightmare Dressed Like a Daydream", "Biden suggests Putin is a 'dictator' who has committed 'genocide half a world away', "EIU Democracy Index 2020 - World Democracy Report", "5. [54][55] The concept of "dictator" was first developed during the Roman Republic. In their book "Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders", authors Natasha M. Ezrow and Erica Frantz lay out five types of dictatorships: Power is obtained and maintained through military might. Power is obtained and passed on through family connections. It was initially aligned with Yugoslavia, but its alignment shifted throughout the Cold War between Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and China. A dictatorship is a type of government in which a single personthe dictatoror party has absolute power. [11], A dictatorship is formed when a specific group seizes power, with the composition of this group affecting how power is seized and how the eventual dictatorship will rule. Adolf Hitler: 14 most cruel dictators Benito Mussolini: 14 most cruel dictators Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924): 14 most cruel dictators Joseph Stalin: 14 most cruel dictators Mao Zedong or Mao or Mao Tse Tung: 14 most cruel dictators Muammar Gaddafi: 14 most cruel dictators Idi Amin (1920-2003): 14 most cruel dictators Far-left and far-right dictatorships used similar methods to maintain power, including cult of personality, concentration camps, forced labour, mass murder, and genocide. [137] In the 21st century, dictatorships have moved toward greater integration with the global community and increasingly attempt to present themselves as democratic. North Korea - One man Dictatorship 2. Mussolini abolished democracy in Italy in 1922 and became a dictator. Adolf Hitler - 1889-1945. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. The classification depends on the rules outlining the relationship between a country's government, legislative assembly (often called the legislature), and head of state. Latin America's new generation of dictators. ], Based on the regime binary classification idea proposed by Alvarez in 1996,[5] and the Democracy and Development (or DD measure, ACLP dataset) proposed by Przeworski et al. [8]:455 Sometimes sitting governments will attach a vote of no confidence clause to a piece of legislation they want passed, effectively tying the survival of the government on the piece of legislation. [127], Indoctrination is the inculcation of citizens on specific values and ideas beneficial to the dictatorships needs and desires. Since the Korean War, North Korea has been ruled by a series of autocratic leaders. [1][3] Resorting to democratic concepts by Karl Popper and Joseph Schumpeter, Przeworski defended the minimalist approach, citing Popper that "the only system in which citizens can get rid of governments without bloodshed. Marxist one-party states are sometimes distinguished from other one-party states, but they function similarly. - Quora Answer (1 of 66): I will give the country names as well as who the dictator is. * Venezuela - Nicolas Maduro * Mauritania - Mohamed Ould Abdulaziz * Algeria - Abdelaziz Bouteflika * Tunisia - Beji Caid Essebesi * Chad - Idriss Deby * Sudan - Omar al-Bashir * Cameroon - Paul Biy. Below are the world's most authoritarian regimes: 21. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) Pol Pot (1925-1998) Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945) Saddam Hussein (1937-2006) Idi Amin (1952-2003) Is Venezuela a dictatorship? (Image Wikipedia) Electoral process and pluralism: 0.00. Current Heads of State & Dictators - Planet Rulers, President Faustin Archange Touadera of the, President Flix Tshilombo Tshisekedi of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, President Denis Sassou Nguesso of the Republic of the Congo, President Teodoro Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, President Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan of. [20][21] They are most common in developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In Germany, the head of state is elected by regional legislatures and not popularly elected. Communist dictatorships in the region aligned with China following the latter's establishment as a communist state. Dictators typically retain their power by silencing any opposition to their rulings and guidelines. Changing Human Nature Needs a "Dictatorship of the Proletariat" . [8]:456, The second distinction made is whether the head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term. [44] As a result of authoritarian politics, a series of major issues may ensue. In a dictatorial government, power rests with one supreme ruler. Below are 10 African country that are still under dictatorship. In the 19th century, settlers slowly and hesitantly began to establish themselves in. More complex economies require additional cooperation between the dictator and other groups. [118] Generally, two research approaches exist: the minimalist approach, which focuses on whether a country has continued elections that are competitive, and the substantive approach, which expands the concept of democracy to include human rights, freedom of the press, and the rule of law. and "Which country has a dictatorship as its form of leadership?" The Five Kinds of Dictatorship 1. [119][120][121][122], Most dictatorships exist in countries with high levels of poverty. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. Today, they are "elected," as true democracies helplessly look on . [43] This idea references the heavy reliance on repression of the public in order to stay in power, which creates incentives for all constituents to falsify their preferences, which does not allow for the dictator to know the genuine popular beliefs or his realistic measure of societal support. Early African dictatorships were primarily personalist socialist dictatorships, in which a single socialist would take power instead of a ruling party. Monarchies: 3. [146], In a dictatorship, violence is used to coerce or repress all opposition to the dictator's rule, and the strength of a dictatorship depends on its use of violence. [148], Terrorism is less common in dictatorships. [17] Between 1946 and 2010, 42% of dictatorships began by overthrowing a different dictatorship, and 26% began after achieving independence from a foreign government. Abstract. [73], Dictatorships in Latin America persisted into the 20th century, and further military coups established new regimes, often in the name of nationalism. Personalistic dictatorships: 4. They are more likely to end in violence and less likely to democratize than other forms of dictatorship. Politics in a dictatorship are controlled by the dictator and facilitated through an inner circle of elites that include advisers, generals, and other high-ranking officials. [64][65][66], Dictatorship developed as a major form of government in the 19th century, though the concept was not universally seen pejoratively at the time, with both a tyrannical concept and a quasi-constitutional concept of dictatorship understood to exist. If it is not responsible, it is a presidential democracy. Repression can encompass actual or threatened physical violence such as arrests, assassinations, torture, beatings, disappearances, mass killings, and forced exile. This may be ensured through incentives, such as distribution of financial resources or promises of security, or it may be through repression, in which failing to support the regime is punished. The deadliest dictatorships are discussed below. Too Much Power. The DD dataset covers the annual data points of 199 countries from 1946 (or date of independence) to 2008. Parliamentary democracy is the same as semi-presidential but has heads of state which are not popularly elected for a fixed term, typically either monarchs or officials not chosen by popular elections. Democracy is broadly understood to mean 'rule by the people'. The table below offers a full list of which countries are what type of democracy. This article focuses on the five communist countries that are still adherent to Marxism-Leninism. [98] Several Middle Eastern countries were the subject of military coups in the 1950s and 1960s, including Iraq, Syria, North Yemen, and South Yemen. Its purpose is to collect information, mobilize society, and induce compliance with the dictatorships directives. These nationalist movements supported non-alignment, keeping most Middle Eastern dictatorships out of the American and Soviet spheres of influence. The head of state may be unelected and still be classified as a democracy. This was replaced by a trend of developing a positive public image to maintain support among the populace and moderating rhetoric to integrate with the global community. Personalist dictatorships are more common in Sub-Saharan Africa due to less established institutions in the region. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). Today, there are only five communist states, some of which are struggling to hold on to communism. [74] The Bolsheviks consolidated power by 1922, forming the Soviet Union. There are many countries that can be considered dictatorships, including North Korea, Cuba, and Venezuela. Some countries, such as Sweden, instead charge another person entirely with choosing the head of government, such as the presiding officer of the legislative assembly. Nations with a legacy of military dictatorship (s) In Africa Algeria (1965-1994) Burkina Faso (1966-1991) Burundi (1966-1993) Central African Republic (1966-1993) Chad (1975-1991) Congo-Brazzaville (1968-1992) Equatorial Guinea (1968-1982) Ethiopia (1974-1991) Gambia, The (1994-1997) Guinea (1984-1991) Ghana (1966-1969; 1972-1979; 1981-1993) Coercive distribution comprises of distributing welfare and state resources to control citizens and elites. Interestingly, most modern dictatorships do not use the term "dictator" to. Military dictatorships are more prone to conflict due to the inherent military strength associated with such a regime, and personalist dictatorships are more prone to conflict due to the weaker institutions to check the dictator's power. [103] Belarus under the rule of Alexander Lukashenko has been described as "the last European dictatorship",[109][110] though the rule of Vladimir Putin in Russia has also been described as a dictatorship. The communist and fascist dictatorships that arose in various technologically advanced countries in the first half of the 20th century were distinctively different from the authoritarian regimes of Latin America or the postcolonial dictatorships of Africa and Asia.

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