bantu expansion genocide

However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. cit. If it was not Continue Reading 26 18 Matt Jennings For a year, the Ndwandwe licked their wounds. Under the rule of both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, numerous document examples of unnatural mass deaths have been recorded. In 1966, Roland Oliver published an article presenting these correlations as a reasonable hypothesis.[17]. Its a MYTH. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. This further reinforced a popular anti-West, anti-US movement in Cambodia, on the back of which, in April 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge to victory. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. Herding practices reached the far south several centuries before Bantu-speaking migrants did. The phenomenon was known as the Mfecane, or Difaqane, or the Scattering. However, the Holocaust, although predominately targeting Jews, was also an expression of Nazi aversion to any group or individual not conforming to a narrow definition of Aryan purity. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. Armenian Deportees in 1915 Source inserbia.info. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. They suffered a genocide, at the hands of europeans and bantu peoples. The Bantu languages constitute by far Africa's largest language family. I forgot which one, but it was some South African ethnic group that was slaughtered in huge numbers by the Dutch. No, it's not. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. Dingiswayo very quickly noticed that the young Shaka possessed a particular talent for war, and took him into his army. The Swahili traded with the inland kingdoms, including Great Zimbabwe. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. Required fields are marked *. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake region; fourth, the colonization south-wards, north-westwards and north-eastwards from this extended nucleus. Bambuti, also called Mbuti, a group of Pygmies of the Ituri Forest of eastern Congo (Kinshasa). About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. There is this historian by the name of Simon Webb and this he said that the Bantu Expansion was a genocide of multiple people in South Africa. The text of this article was commissioned by History Guild as part of our work to improve historical literacy. However, the Holocaust, although predominately targeting Jews, was also an expression of Nazi aversion to any group or individual not conforming to a narrow definition of Aryan purity. Mai Mai militia groups aided in the formation of military bases within the Hutu Refugee camps. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. the bantu empire - two millenia of black supremacy, conquest, genocide, rape, war & colonisation! In the East, Bantu-speakers settled around the Great Lakes region and created a new population centre supported by a resource-rich environment. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. The southward Bantu occupation of sub-Saharan Africa (south of the Sahara), started some 2,000 years ago, with the introduction of crop farming and iron age technology from Nubia which made expansion, weaponry, conquest and supremacy possible. 24 Theal, G. M., Records of South-East Africa (Capetown, 18981903), vols. [30], It is clear that there were human populations in the region at the time of the expansion, and pygmies are their closest living relatives. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Roberts, A. D. . You do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. . As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. Linguistic, archeological and genetic evidence indicates that during the course of the Bantu expansion, "independent waves of migration of western African and East African Bantu-speakers into southern Africa occurred. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. The origin or homeland of this process is generally believed to be near the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. 23 Ibid. The Tutsi's . In my view it was probably invented by people who want to claim that most of Southern Africa originally belonged to the Khoisan people, and not the Bantus, and that the Bantus are later arrivals just as the European Colonizers are later arrivals. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. The Atlantic-Congo family comprises a huge group of languages spread throughout Western, Central and Southern Africa. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. Our Bantu speaking ancestors also . An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. It is connected with complex population movements starting north of Central Africa and led to the progressive colonisation of a vast area further south. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. This empire was one of the most powerful in African History and left an indelible mark on modern-day South Africa. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. I actually asked r/askhistorian but they told me the YouTube channel was spreading white supremacy propaganda. Archaeological findings have shown that by 100 BC to 300 AD, Bantu speaking communities were present at the coastal areas of Misasa in Tanzania and Kwale in Kenya. The Bantu Expansion is unique among ancient dispersals of peoples and languages due to its combination of high amplitude, rapid pace, and adaptation to multiple ecozones ().The spread of Bantu-speaking people from a homeland region on the border between Nigeria and Cameroon toward eastern and southern Africa starting ~4000 years ago had a momentous impact on the continent's linguistic . Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. Archaeological evidence from the separate works of Jean Hurault (1979, 1986 & 1988) and Rigobert Tuech (2000) in the region reveals that this region has been inhabited by the same culture for 5 millennia, from 3000 B.C to date. The Bantu Expansion: How Bantu People Changed Sub-Saharan Africa Reading time: 4 minutes About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. Also known as the Bantu conquest of Africa - 2,000 Years of Bantu supremacy, racism, conquest, genocide, rape, war, cannibalism and colonisation. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. One of the many ways used by white supremacists and apologists to legitimize colonialism of the African continent & genocide of its people. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. Based on dental evidence, Irish (2016) concluded that the common ancestors of Central African and Proto-Bantu peoples may have originated in the western Southern region of the Sahara, amid the Kiffian period at Gobero, and may have migrated southward, from the Sahara into various parts of central Africa (e.g. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. and were massacred in great numbers by Dutch, British, and German settlers in acts of genocide (e.g. The Banyamulenge people settled there throughout history - before and during colonial rule and during Hutu rule in Rwanda. [29] The western branch, not necessarily linguistically distinct, according to Christopher Ehret, followed the coast and the major rivers of the Congo system southward, reaching central Angola by around 500BC. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. Initially, archaeologists believed that they could find archaeological similarities in the region's ancient cultures that the Bantu-speakers were held to have traversed. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. Although early models posited that the early speakers were both iron-using and agricultural, definitive archaeological evidence that they used iron does not appear until as late as 400BC, though they were agricultural. After a hundred years, the genocide slowly continued, forced to servitude. These states became the hubs of the continent, forming strong militaries, economic ties with local and international traders, and complex political structures. [32][33] By the first century BC, Bantu speaking communities in the great lakes region developed iron forging techniques that enabled them to produce carbon steel. A few still live by foraging often supplemented by working for neighbouring farmers in the arid regions around the Kalahari desert, while a larger number of Nama continue their traditional subsistence by raising livestock in Namibia and adjacent South Africa. 18091. For example, in a number of languages the infinitival is the auxiliary designating the future. Many centuries later, around AD 1000, some Eastern Cushitic speakers also settled in northern and coastal Kenya. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. "useRatesEcommerce": false Other factors promoting state-formation were increased trade among African communities and with European and Arab traders on the coasts, technological innovations in economic activity, and new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualisation of royalty as the source of national strength and health. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. [36][37][38], Between the 11th and 16th centuries, powerful Bantu-speaking states on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to emerge. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. 2002). Any proof of their numbers? This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. The Bantu people wielded significant influence and undoubtedly dominated every area they settled in. "[26] In some places, genetic evidence suggests that Bantu language expansion was largely a result of substantial population replacement. [21], Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers also inhabited Southeast Africa before the Bantu expansion. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. By that logic, you have to say that the Anglo-Saxon migration into Britain (Which took place in 6th century CE, about 2 centuries after the Bantu made it to what is now South Africa) was a genocide as most of the Y-DNA of the English is Anglo-Saxon not Celtic or pre-Celtic. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. But he also displayed a dangerous pathology, perhaps born of his reduced birth, and the suffering that his mother endured on his behalf, but also, perhaps, because of hidden homosexuality. The result of this was an extraordinarily cohesive and violent nation, glorifying in bloodshed, and celebrating with utter fanaticism the personality cult of their leader. Under the rule of both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, numerous document examples of unnatural mass deaths have been recorded. Linguists, classifying the languages and creating a genealogical table of relationships, believed they could reconstruct material culture elements. cit. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. The two tribes share a common ancestry or origin. Nonetheless, in the unfathomable complexity of the Anglo-Irish relationship, there are no small number of historians who point the finger at the British government, not so much for acts of commission, but acts of omission. False and dangerous equivalency. Enter your library card number to sign in. Professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, Francis A. Boyle, argues that these actions, according to sections (a), (b), and (c) of Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, constitute genocide. Your email address will not be published. To make sense of this paradox, the researchers carried out a large-scale comparison of all the ancient African DNA gathered so far, along with living people from across Africa and beyond. The Mfecane. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. But new research from an international team casts doubt on this version of events. Another stream of migration, having moved east by 3,000 years ago (1000BC), was creating a major new population center near the Great Lakes of East Africa, where a rich environment supported a dense population. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region. III and VII.Google Scholar, 25 For example, Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 110.Google Scholar, 26 Ihle, A., Das alte Knigreich Kongo (Leipzig, 1929).Google Scholar, 27 Oliver and Mathew, op. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. It seems likely that the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people from their core region in West Africa began around 40003500BC. Yet, was it all bloodshed and oppression? I'd imagine it's the same way. By the end of the day the Ndwandwe force, although it still outnumbered Shaka's, was in full retreat. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. Derek Nurse und Grard Philippson: The Bantu Languages. Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. Before the expansion of Bantu-speaking farmers, Central, Southern, and Southeast Africa was populated by Pygmy foragers, Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers, Nilo-Saharan-speaking herders, and Cushitic-speaking pastoralists. The Twa spend part of the year in the otherwise uninhabited region hunting game, trading for agricultural products with the farmers while they do so. [1] Of course what i have said may not be 100% but for better clarification pls ask a real historian. However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Cities were emptied out, and anyone conforming to this broad definition of the enemy was consigned to labor camps in the countryside. These innovations facilitated population growth and the division of labour, forming powerful Bantu-controlled African states in the process. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. . We won't share your contact details with anyone. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. What area? [35] Such processes of state-formation occurred with increasing frequency from the 16th century onward. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. Archaeologists have found physical evidence of the migration in pottery, iron-smelting technology, and subsistence farming techniques that originated in the Bantu West African region, creating a timeline of movement across the continent. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. Your email address will not be published. For more than a century, historians have supported the idea of a 'Bantu Expansion' that, starting in West Africa several millennia ago, spread across the southern half of the continent. The name associated with this phase of South East Asian history is Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, a name that still resonates as the personification of evil. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. . The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. Two such factoids are that (1) the Bantu Expansion would have been a single migratory macro-event and (2) it would have been driven by agriculture. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. Rape and slavery was common practice among the Bantu colonists. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. The Urewe culture dominated the Great Lakes region between 650BC and 550BC. The Bantu first originated around the Benue-Cross rivers area in southeastern Nigeria and spread over Africa to the Zambia area. Therefore, the Bantu Expansion is not a textbook example of a farming/language dispersal. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. The Hutu immigrated into the Great Lakes region from the great Bantu expansion in West Africa. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. On the western extremities of the southern African subcontinent lies the nation of Namibia, known until independence as South West Africa, and prior to that as German South West Africa. The large-scale expansion of fairly recent language families is one of the reasons for this comparatively low diversity. The infamous Rwandan genocide was triggered by the tensions between the Hutus and Tutsis. It is reprinted here with the agreement of the R.S.A.Google Scholar, 2 Johnston, H. H., A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, XLIII (1913), 3912.Google Scholar, 3 Wrigley, C. C., Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Journal of African History, I (1960), 201.Google Scholar, 4 McBurney, C. B. M., The Stone Age of Northern Africa (1960), 234.Google Scholar. The Zulu are a military people, forged in a crucible of violence and predatory warfare, and in the early decades of the 19th century, they emerged as a martial society on an almost Spartan scale. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. The impact of the Bantu Expansion has stood the test of time it continues to influence the demographics, language, and culture of the continent today. Bantu Genocide View source Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. Michael C. Campbell and Sarah A. Tishkoff, "The Evolution of Human Genetic and Phenotypic Variation in Africa,", "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages", "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans", "On the edge of Bantu expansions: MtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola", "Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of NigerCongo groups", "Phylogeographic analysis of the Bantu language expansion supports a rainforest route", "Early migrations into East Africa | Enzi", "Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy HunterGatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set", "Cultural phylogeography of the Bantu Languages of sub-Saharan Africa", "Bringing together linguistic and genetic evidence to test the Bantu expansion", "Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals", "Bantu Language Trees Reflect the Spread of Farming across Sub-Saharan Africa: A Maximum-Parsimony Analysis", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_expansion&oldid=1142078895, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2022, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2015, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 11:21.

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