how did abraham lincoln get the nickname honest abe

(1958), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress, American Writers: A Journey Through History, Abraham Lincoln: Original Letters and Manuscripts, Lincoln/Net: Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project, In Popular Song: Our Noble Chief Has Passed Away by Cooper/Thomas, Abraham Lincoln Recollections and Newspaper Articles Collection, the Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln&oldid=1142413964, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 07:12. Alternate titles: Honest Abe, The Great Emancipator, The Rail-splitter, University Distinguished Professor Emeritus of History, University of North Carolina, Greensboro. How did Abraham Lincoln get into politics? [37] In 1831, as Thomas and other family prepared to move to a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham struck out on his own. Lincoln announced a Reconstruction plan that involved short-term military control, pending readmission under the control of southern Unionists. Omissions? [337], Lincoln is believed to have had depression, smallpox, and malaria. Some of Lincoln's own surveying work helped historians find original foundations for the village structures. I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world."[105] Lincoln's attacks on the KansasNebraska Act marked his return to political life. When Lincoln ran for president in two years, friends and supporters looked to turn his humble background to his advantage, marching into the Republican National Convention in Chicago with a set of fence rails that they claimed Lincoln, the Railsplitter, had split in his youth. He believed in his own integrity and worked diligently to maintain his reputation as an honest politician and lawyer -something that was not always easy in either of those fields. Historian Allan Nevins argued that the newly inaugurated Lincoln made three miscalculations: underestimating the gravity of the crisis, exaggerating the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South, and overlooking Southern Unionist opposition to an invasion. Lincoln was born in a backwoods cabin 3 miles (5 km) south of Hodgenville, Kentucky, and was taken to a farm in the neighbouring valley of Knob Creek when he was two years old. [155] Though he did not give public appearances, many sought to visit him and write him. [112], Violent political confrontations in Kansas continued, and opposition to the KansasNebraska Act remained strong throughout the North. Lincoln vetoed only four bills, including the Wade-Davis Bill with its harsh Reconstruction program. 12 Presidential Nicknames and Their Unusual Origins, Photo: ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images, Photo: Universal History Archive/Getty Images, Every Candidate in the 2024 U.S. Presidential Race, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads. Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. His willingness to get into the muck with his men earned him their undying loyalty and the nickname Old Rough and Ready. He became a national star thanks to his victories during the Mexican-American War at Palo Alto, Monterrey and Buena Vista, earning him comparisons to George Washington and Jackson. She was the daughter of Alexander and Abigail Herring (ne Harrison). [34], In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the extended Lincoln family, including Abraham, moved west to Illinois, a free state, and settled in Macon County. [87] This distant territory was a Democratic stronghold, and acceptance of the post would have disrupted his legal and political career in Illinois, so he declined and resumed his law practice. [180] Donald concludes that, "His repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inauguration and the firing on Ft. Sumter showed he adhered to his vow not to be the first to shed fraternal blood. 'Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter' may already have a sequel. This message will appear once per week Lincoln also pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and he promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which upon its ratification abolished slavery. Christopher Klein is the author of four books, including When the Irish Invaded Canada: The Incredible True Story of the Civil War Veterans Who Fought for Irelands Freedom and Strong Boy: The Life and Times of John L. Sullivan. [340] It is unknown to what extent this may have resulted in mercury poisoning. [313], The late President lay in state, first in the East Room of the White House, and then in the Capitol Rotunda from April 19 through April 21. [65] He championed construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner. [72], True to his record, Lincoln professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay". [96], Lincoln argued in an 1858 criminal trial, defending William "Duff" Armstrong, who was on trial for the murder of James Preston Metzker. According to Carl Sandburgs biography of Lincoln, Honest Abe once challenged an entire crowd of onlookers after dispatching an opponent: Im the big buck of this lick. His earliest memories were of this home and, in particular, of a flash flood that once washed away the corn and pumpkin seeds he had helped his father plant. [316] African Americans were especially moved; they had lost their "Moses". The Democrats nominated former Secretary of State James Buchanan and the Know-Nothings nominated former Whig President Millard Fillmore. Unauthorized use is prohibited. It had been sporadically proclaimed by the federal government on irregular dates. Meanwhile, Lincoln and the Republican leadership agreed that the dismantling of the Union could not be tolerated. [156], On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected the 16th president. [259] Lincoln led the moderates in Reconstruction policy and was opposed by the Radicals, under Rep. Thaddeus Stevens, Sen. Charles Sumner and Sen. Benjamin Wade, who otherwise remained Lincoln's allies. [99] Harrison was charged with the murder of Greek Crafton who, as he lay dying of his wounds, confessed to Cartwright that he had provoked Harrison. People recognized his integrity and were soon asking him to act as judge or mediator in various contests, fights, and arguments. Lincoln never slept in the Lincoln Bedroom. [21], On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her own. [357][o] Between 1999 and 2011, Lincoln, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan have been the top-ranked presidents in eight public opinion surveys, according to Gallup. Additional Credits State Republican parties stressed the perfidy of the Copperheads. "[353], In Lincoln's first inaugural address, he explored the nature of democracy. On April 14, 1865, Lincoln signed legislation creating the U.S. Secret Service. Their land eventually became part of Space, when the county was established in 1818. I believe you to be a brave and a skillful soldier, which of course I like . Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in his work to notice his children's behavior. Secret Service did come to Lincolns protection, but only in death. [380] On the other hand, Donald opined in his 1996 biography that Lincoln was distinctly endowed with the personality trait of negative capability, defined by the poet John Keats and attributed to extraordinary leaders who were "content in the midst of uncertainties and doubts, and not compelled toward fact or reason". On election day New York Democrat Samuel Tilden won a plurality of the popular vote. Meanwhile, Lincoln emboldened Grant with more troops and Republican party support. [58] When Lincoln returned home from the Black Hawk War, he planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a partnership with William Berry, 21, with whom he purchased a New Salem general store on credit. He would spend the next 40 years in the military, leading troops in the War of 1812, Black Hawk War and Second Seminole War. [356], In surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents conducted since 1948, the top three presidents are Lincoln, Washington, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, although the order varies. The oldest, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born in 1843 and was the only child to live to maturity. Abraham Lincoln spent hours reading books, including Life of Washington, Dilworth's Speller, and Blackstone's Commentaries (Hunt107). The caskets containing Lincoln's body and the body of his son Willie traveled for three weeks on the Lincoln Special funeral train. [60] Lincoln finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct. Lincoln sometimes kept important documents under the tall black hats he wore. Lincoln attended artillery and cannon tests and met at the White House with inventors demonstrating military prototypes. Illinois may be known as the Land of Lincoln, but it was in Indiana that the 16th president spent his formative years. ", Lincoln lost his Senate bid to Douglas. Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, at that time wrote up an unflattering account of Lincoln's compromising position on slavery and his reluctance to challenge the court's Dred-Scott ruling, which was promptly used against him by his political rivals. Of course it was not for this, but in spite of it, that I have given you the command. [152] People of the Northern states knew the Southern states would vote against Lincoln and rallied supporters for Lincoln. [341], Several claims have been made that Lincoln's health was declining before the assassination. I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself. Guide to Spielberg's Lincoln He wasnt caught until two weeks later. The only U.S. president to also serve on the Supreme Court, William Howard Taft was nicknamed Big Lub while a student at Yale and by the time he became Theodore Roosevelts secretary of war in 1904, he weighed more than 300 pounds. One Illinois newspaper derisively nicknamed him "spotty Lincoln". "[177] The failure of the Peace Conference of 1861 signaled that legislative compromise was impossible. [84], Lincoln had pledged in 1846 to serve only one term in the House. [287], There were two measures passed to raise revenues for the Federal government: tariffs (a policy with long precedent), and a Federal income tax. However, Lincoln's articulation of the issues had given him a national political presence. [362][363], Sociologist Barry Schwartz argues that Lincoln's American reputation grew slowly from the late 19th century until the Progressive Era (19001920s), when he emerged as one of America's most venerated heroes, even among white Southerners. Abraham Lincoln was elected the 16th President of the United States in 1860. There, as a squatter on public land, he hastily put up a half-faced campa crude structure of logs and boughs with one side open to the weatherin which the family took shelter behind a blazing fire. [280][additional citation(s) needed] Sibley ordered a military commission to review that actions of the captured to try those that had committed war crimes. The senator, having competed with Lincoln in the legislature and many Illinois courtrooms, knew his opponent well. Abraham Lincoln, a 1909 bronze statue by Adolph Weinman, sits before a historic church in Hodgenville, Kentucky. [103], Lincoln did not comment on the act until months later in his "Peoria Speech" of October 1854. On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Union troops at Fort Sumter and began the fight. The emphasis shifted away from Lincoln the emancipator to an argument that blacks had freed themselves from slavery, or at least were responsible for pressuring the government to emancipate them. On February 11, 1861, Lincoln gave a particularly emotional farewell address upon leaving Springfield; he would never again return to Springfield alive. [citation needed] One of the Chippewa signing the letter, Chief Naw-Gaw-Nub, had received a Presidential medal from Lincoln earlier in the year.[279]. He expanded his war powers, imposed a blockade on Confederate ports, disbursed funds before appropriation by Congress, suspended habeas corpus, and arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers. What were Abraham Lincolns chief goals in the American Civil War? Mille Lacs Band offer to fight Sioux, Goodhue Republican Vol. [32] He was an active wrestler during his youth and trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling). The legitimacy of military commissions trying opposing combatants had been established during the Mexican War. Lincoln proved to be a shrewd military strategist and a savvy leader: His Emancipation Proclamation paved the way for slavery's abolition, while his Gettysburg Address stands as one of the most. "[282] The men whose sentences he commuted were sent to a military prison at Davenport, Iowa. [299], John Wilkes Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service. Science Monitor has expired. [b] The captain was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. Soon he built a permanent cabin, and later he bought the land on which it stood. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. His advice to potential lawyers was: "Resolve to be honest at all events; and if in your judgment you cannot be an honest lawyer, resolve to be honest without being a lawyer. While many Democrats hoped that Dred Scott would end the dispute over slavery in the territories, the decision sparked further outrage in the North. Honest Abe was a nickname that Abraham Lincoln embraced with pride. Essential Question: Abraham Lincoln was known as "Honest Abe" during his lifetime. He dropped the bill when it eluded Whig support. His fathers second wife adored Lincoln and is said to have stoked his love of learning. Lincoln closely supervised the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals, and implemented a naval blockade of the South's trade. The Hanks genealogy is difficult to trace, but Nancy appears to have been of illegitimate birth. [330] After Willie's death, he questioned the divine necessity of the war's severity. He continued his efforts after the war, and his American Relief Administration delivered more than 34 million tons of food to war-torn Europe and leaped into action in 1921, setting up camps in Soviet Russia that were soon feeding more than 11 million every day. [244] Lincoln authorized Grant to target infrastructureplantations, railroads, and bridgeshoping to weaken the South's morale and fighting ability. . [206] But Pope was then soundly defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac back to defend Washington. The 2007 Country Music Hall of Fame inductee was born March 10, 1933, in McEwen . Abraham Lincoln, byname Honest Abe, the Rail-Splitter, or the Great Emancipator, (born February 12, 1809, near Hodgenville, Kentucky, U.S.died April 15, 1865, Washington, D.C.), 16th president of the United States (186165), who preserved the Union during the American Civil War and brought about the emancipation of enslaved people in the United States. Douglas emphasized his Freeport Doctrine, in which he said local settlers were free to choose whether to allow slavery within their territory, and accused Lincoln of having joined the abolitionists. Grant then assumed command of Meade's army. [373] Defenders of Lincoln, such as authors Dirck and Cashin, retorted that he was not as bad as most politicians of his day[374] and that he was a "moral visionary" who deftly advanced the abolitionist cause, as fast as politically possible. Owens arrived that November and he courted her for a time; however, they both had second thoughts. Lincoln and his wife attended the play Our American Cousin on the evening of April 14, just five days after the Union victory at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse. In Tennessee and Arkansas, Lincoln respectively appointed Johnson and Frederick Steele as military governors. Connect-Points Web Content & Design is a web development and hosting company that specializes in web design and copy writing for maximum usability and accessiblity. He partnered several years with Stephen T. Logan, and in 1844 began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man". Hoover established a volunteer relief effort to send food to Belgium and France. [151] A group of former Whigs and Know Nothings formed the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John Bell of Tennessee. As Reagan made the transition from actor to public speaker to politician, he used the skills hed developed to craft a unique persona and way of addressing his audience (and later voters) to twice win election as governor of California. Abraham Lincoln was born in 1809 in a backwoods cabin in Kentucky. [254] On November 8, Lincoln carried all but three states, including 78 percent of Union soldiers.[255]. But by 1840, the year Lincoln left New Salem for a law firm in Springfield, the new state capital only 20 miles southeast, the little town folded -- a victim, like many speculative river towns, of the almighty railroad. [115][h], Dred Scott was a slave whose master took him from a slave state to a territory that was free as a result of the Missouri Compromise. Lincoln is enshrined in the Wrestling Hall of Fame. google_ad_slot = "5694575557"; What I now ask of you is military success, and I will risk the dictatorship.". For his design, Lincoln obtained Patent No. Grave robbers attempted to steal Lincolns corpse. The Great Emancipator wasnt quite WWE material, but thanks to his long limbs he was an accomplished wrestler as a young man. [396] An influential statue of Lincoln stands in Lincoln Park, Chicago, with recastings given as diplomatic gifts standing in Parliament Square, London, and Parque Lincoln, Mexico City. Abraham Lincoln (/lkn/ LINK-n; February 12, 1809 April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. [343] Lincoln called the Declaration of Independencewhich emphasized freedom and equality for allthe "sheet anchor" of republicanism beginning in the 1850s. They called him "Honest Abe" because he was always honest with people. The prior proclamation had been during James Madison's presidency 50 years earlier. DIED: April 15, 1865, in Washington, D.C. TIME IN OFFICE: March 4, 1861, to April 15, 1865, VICE PRESIDENTS: Hannibal Hamlin (first term), Andrew Johnson (second term), POLITICAL PARTY: Republican (formerly Whig). Appearing in Seward's home state, sponsored by a group largely loyal to Chase, Lincoln shrewdly made no reference to either of these Republican rivals for the nomination". [111] After leading in the first six rounds of voting, he was unable to obtain a majority. [272] Some feared incorrectly that it might represent a Confederate conspiracy to start a war on the Northwestern frontier. [97] The case is famous for Lincoln's use of a fact established by judicial notice to challenge the credibility of an eyewitness. [33] He gained a reputation for strength and audacity after winning a wrestling match with the renowned leader of ruffians known as "the Clary's Grove Boys". [256] Lincoln said: Fondly do we hopefervently do we praythat this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Poet Walt Whitman composed "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" to eulogize him, one of four poems he wrote about Lincoln. He first entered national politics in 1847 while serving a single term in Congress. All rights reserved, Weird But True Know-It-All: U.S. Presidents, NICKNAMES: Honest Abe, the Great Emancipator, BORN: February 12, 1809, near Hodgenville, Kentucky. [217] Lincoln rejected Major General John C. Frmont's August 1861 emancipation attempt, as well as one by Major General David Hunter in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power and might upset loyal border states enough for them to secede. Finally, in search for the reason Lincoln was so adamant about honesty, a quote by one of his closest friends, Leonard Swett, is revealing: "He believed in the great laws of truth, the right discharge of duty, his accountability to God, the ultimate triumph of the right, and the overthrow of wrong. Rhode Island 'holiday tree': A pox on Christmas or just the Puritan way? Booth hoped to revive the Confederate cause by killing Lincoln. Lincoln led the Union through the American Civil War to defend the nation as a constitutional union and succeeded in abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal . Hundreds of settlers were killed, 30,000 were displaced from their homes, and Washington was deeply alarmed. [123], Lincoln accepted the nomination with great enthusiasm and zeal. [312], Two weeks later, Booth, refusing to surrender, was tracked to a farm in Virginia, and was mortally shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett and died on April 26. When Abraham Lincoln was on the 1860 campaign trail, . [263] This first attempt fell short of the required two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives. . No ballots were cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states, and he won only two of 996 counties in all the Southern states, an omen of the impending Civil War. His Marriage Was Rocky. In 1860 he was nominated at the Republican National Convention to be the partys presidential candidate, and he embarked on a presidential campaign that he would win. Because he didn't have to waste time convincing his opponents of his sincerity, he was able to devote his energies to solving political issues and winning the war. Lincoln's guest, Major Henry Rathbone, momentarily grappled with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped. He would be a clerk, a storeowner, postmaster, and surveyor. When he became president, Lincoln allowed the enslavement of people to continue in southern states but he outlawed its spread to other existing states and states that might later join the Union. Explore 10 things you may not know about the 16th U.S. president. [169] A few weeks before the war, Lincoln sent a letter to every governor informing them Congress had passed a joint resolution to amend the Constitution.[170]. A few months before John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln, the presidents oldest son, Robert Todd Lincoln, stood on a train platform in Jersey City, New Jersey. Civil War victory came on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant. [55] In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln brought his children to the law office. [351] According to historian Sean Wilentz:[351]. [51], Lincoln was an affectionate husband and father of four sons, though his work regularly kept him away from home. The Lincoln family ate at the White House dinner table with their cat. [97], Leading up to his presidential campaign, Lincoln elevated his profile in an 1859 murder case, with his defense of Simeon Quinn "Peachy" Harrison who was a third cousin;[g] Harrison was also the grandson of Lincoln's political opponent, Rev. Douglas's argument was more legal in nature, claiming that Lincoln was defying the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court as exercised in the Dred Scott decision. The Civil War officially began on April 12, 1861, at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, when troops from the Confederacy attacked the U.S. fort. [359] A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked Lincoln number one, while legal scholars placed him second after George Washington. [102] As the slavery debate in the Nebraska and Kansas territories became particularly acrimonious, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed popular sovereignty as a compromise; the measure would allow the electorate of each territory to decide the status of slavery. [214], Hooker was routed by Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May, then resigned and was replaced by George Meade. Lyndon B. Johnson was born in a three-room house in rural Texas and his family often struggled to get by. [199] Lincoln saw the importance of Vicksburg and understood the necessity of defeating the enemy's army, rather than merely capturing territory. [46], In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Todd in Springfield, Illinois, and the following year they became engaged. Poisoned milk killed Lincolns mother. Legend has it that Colonel Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., a future Supreme Court justice, barked, Get down, you fool! Lincoln ducked down from the forts parapet and left the battlefield unharmed. As a flatboatman, he made a voyage down the Mississippi River to New Orleans, Louisiana. As Richard Carwardine writes in his Lincoln biography, "The nickname 'honest Abe' was not the fabrication of party publicists but a mark of the universal respect in which he was held as a lawyer of scrupulous honesty. Lincoln responded, "I could not afford to hang men for votes. "[310][l] Lincoln's body was placed in a flag-wrapped coffin, which was loaded into a hearse and escorted to the White House by Union soldiers. [n][334] Lincoln explains therein that the cause, purpose, and result of the war was God's will. [125] The stage was then set for the election of the Illinois legislature which would, in turn, select Lincoln or Douglas. google_ad_width = 120; [388], He has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names,[389] including the capital of Nebraska. 3. The left-leaning Douglas was accused of having communist ties (no small fear at the height of the Red Scare), and her Democratic primary opponent had dubbed her the Pink Lady. Nixon capitalized on the accusations, but also made sure he covered his political bases. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky. By the spring of 1863, Lincoln was ready to recruit black troops in more than token numbers. While voting irregularities and outright stealing werent uncommon in Texas and elsewhere, the actions of Johnsons team raised eyebrows. The only resolution of these contradictory positions was for the confederates to fire the first shot; they did just that."[181]. [239] Authorization for such a promotion "with the advice and consent of the Senate" was provided by a new bill which Lincoln signed the same day he submitted Grant's name to the Senate. 7. Practical information. New Salem, Ill. 19802023 The Christian Science Monitor. Trumbull was an antislavery Democrat, and had received few votes in the earlier ballots; his supporters, also antislavery Democrats, had vowed not to support any Whig. [16], In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter. By the time Lincoln was president, statements he had made previously, such as "I have never tried to conceal my opinions, nor tried to deceive anyone in reference to them," and "I am glad of all the support I can get anywhere, if I can get it without practicing any deception to obtain it" had become a source of strength for him as a leader. [25], Lincoln was largely self-educated. It was Mr. Rutledge's daughter, Ann, who became Lincoln's first close female confidante, according to Jim Patton, the working blacksmith at New Salem today. New Salem, his first home away from home, allowed Lincoln to, in his words, ``get hold of something that was knotty'' -- law and politics -- and wrestle with them, as he wrestled in sport with the local toughs. [49] While anxiously preparing for the nuptials, he was asked where he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose. [328][m], In the 1850s, Lincoln asserted his belief in "providence" in a general way, and rarely used the language or imagery of the evangelicals; he regarded the republicanism of the Founding Fathers with an almost religious reverence. He is the strong man of his party-full of wit, facts, dates-and the best stump speaker, with his droll ways and dry jokes, in the West. [336] On the day Lincoln was assassinated, he reportedly told his wife he desired to visit the Holy Land. The lawyer in Lincoln saw issues. [150] When Douglas was selected as the candidate of the Northern Democrats, delegates from eleven slave states walked out of the Democratic convention; they opposed Douglas's position on popular sovereignty, and selected incumbent Vice President John C. Breckinridge as their candidate. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", a condition now thought to be clinical depression. Lincoln led the Union through the American Civil War to defend the nation as a constitutional union and succeeded in abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy. As a young adult, Lincoln worked as a flatboat navigator, storekeeper, soldier, surveyor, and postmaster.

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