largest immigrant groups by state

Other regions make up smaller shares: Europe, Canada and other North America (13%), the Caribbean (10%), Central America (8%), South America (7%), the Middle East and North Africa (4%) and sub-Saharan Africa (5%). Washington, DC 20036-2103. It covers five broad areas: citizenship and residency status; educational attainment; marital status; Indian region of origin; and religion, religious practice, and caste identity. The Government of India maintains an Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) designation for persons of Indian origin residing abroad who do not hold Indian citizenship. As figure 18 shows, 43 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans have a social network dominated by Indian-origin friends, compared to 25 percent of respondents born in the United States (adding up the shares of those who say all or most of their friends are of Indian origin). Once more, U.S.-born citizens lead the pack with 22 percent of them reporting participation in this activity. The reverse is true when it comes to identifying as Indian: the majority of Indian Americans who have lived in the United States between one and ten years (54 percent) feel most comfortable with this term, while that share declines to just 21 percent for those here for more than twenty-five years. According to IAAS data, 54 percent of respondents report belonging to the Hindu faith (see figure 6). Several states have Canada as a major source of immigrants. Comments. 1) The term "immigrants" (or "foreign born") refers to people residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. This represents 19.1% of the 244 million international migrants worldwide, and 14.4% of the United States' population. This project has been reviewed and approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board (Protocol #843855). Respondents are classified as belonging to one of three categories: U.S.-born citizen, foreign-born citizen, and non-citizen. Ten percent of IAAS respondents identify as South Asian American, a term which refers to diaspora populations from countries across the region such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The pattern is similar when it comes to caste, although nearly one-quarter of respondents claim they do not know what share of their friends belong to their caste group, suggesting that caste is a less salient category for a significant segment of IAAS respondents. Its findings are based on a nationally representative online survey of 1,200 Indian American residents in the United Statesthe 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey (IAAS)conducted between September 1 and September 20, 2020, in partnership with the research and analytics firm YouGov. Independence Day (July 4) ranks second (57 percent), followed by Christmas (54 percent). While caste is most commonly associated with Hinduism, caste hierarchies and caste self-identification are prevalent in most, if not all, of Indias major religions. At Carnegie, we owe special thanks to Samuel Brase and Cooper Hewell for their editorial assistance. Twenty-eight percent respond in the affirmativethat political divisions in India are infecting dynamics within the Indian community in the United States. Immigration will continue to shape our communities for generations to come. Bookmark Quiz For instance, it is plausible that Indian Americans born in the United States would place less emphasis on their Indian-ness than their counterparts who immigrated. Foreign-born population by . Six percent choose no hyphenation at all and identify only as American and another 6 percent classify themselves as Asian American, an identity category that includes a wide range of diaspora groups from the Asian continent. The longer immigrants have lived in the U.S., the greater the likelihood they are English proficient. By contrast, more than half (57%) of immigrants who have lived in the U.S. for 20 years or more are proficient English speakers. by subscribing, you agree to our Privacy Policy. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Although Indian American is a contested category, the survey attempts to understand how respondents perceive the push and pull between different aspects of their identity. But religion only narrowly edges out the role of Indias political leadership (56 percent) for the top spot, and political parties (47 percent) are not far behind. Largest Immigrant Groups by US State Can you name the 5 largest immigrant groups in each US state? 10 Anna Purna Kambhampaty, At Census Time, Asian Americans Again Confront the Question of Who Counts as Asian. The balance (around 7 percent) consists of less frequently listed languages, ranging from Sindhi to Santali. Indian Americans who are born in the United States are more likely to identify as Indian American (48 to 40 percent) and markedly less likely to identify as Indian (just 11 percent compared to 33 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans). Several Asian, African, and Central American countries also have large immigrant populations. Thirteen percent of respondents are Muslim, 11 percent are Christian, and another 7 percent belong to a variety of other faiths including Buddhism and Sikhism. However, non-citizens are about as likely as foreign-born citizens to engage in the resolution of community issues (12 percent versus 11 percent). In 2018, most immigrants lived in just 20 major metropolitan areas, with the largest populations in the New York, Los Angeles and Miami metro areas. This report examines the Hispanic population of the United States by its 10 largest origin groups. Differences exist state-to-state in the proportion of people born outside of the U.S. First, the survey asks respondents to consider how discrimination against Indian Americans compares to discrimination directed toward other minority communities in the United States. Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World, new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. Immigration has been a major source of population growth and cultural change throughout much of the history of the United States.In absolute numbers, the United States has a larger immigrant population than any other country in the world, with 47 million immigrants as of 2015. El Salvador 17,907. Hindus, in turn, are much more likely than Christians or Muslims to state that religion is somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important in their lives. Follow. The most common activity is performing community service, something 20 percent of respondents engaged in, followed by working with others in their community (15 percent), attending a public meeting (13 percent), and attending a protest or demonstration (11 percent). Immigrant Population by State and County This map displays the geographic distribution of immigrants in the United States by country of origin. The surveys findings are notable in this regard because previous research on polarization among the American general public has generally found that Republicans, not Democrats, possess greater antipathy toward members of the other party.45. Business Insider/Andy Kiersz, data from US Census Bureau, NOW WATCH: Here's how the map of the United States has changed in 200 years. In fiscal 2019, apprehensions of Central Americans at the border exceeded those of Mexicans for the fourth consecutive year. 3 (2012): 405431; Matthew Levendusky and Neil Malhotra, Does Media Coverage of Partisan Polarization Affect Political Attitudes?, Political Communication 33, no. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax 24/7 Wall St. A much higher share of U.S.-born citizens report attending a protest (18 percent) than either foreign-born citizens (8 percent) or non-citizens (4 percent). Looking forward, immigrants and their descendants are projected to account for 88% of U.S. population growth through 2065, assuming current immigration trends continue. 1 (2015): 51104. Therefore, the map above looks at the country other than Mexico that is the birthplace of the most foreign-born respondents in the survey. The examination of partisanship, in turn, further distinguishes between partisan support in India and in the United States.43. The IAAS draws on a series of questions adapted from the political science literature in order to measure inter-group social distance in the Indian American community.42 Namely, the survey explores how Indian Americans feel about having close interactions with out-group members along two prominent cleavages: those who are of a different religion, or who carry a different partisan affiliation. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. Table 2 presents results of the most common languages among respondents, restricting attention to languages identified by at least 2 percent of respondents. The first part looks at three types of engagement: civic, political, and cultural. The data in figure 26 show that one in two Indian Americans reports being subject to some form of discrimination in the past year. The variation in respondents feelings of Indian-ness begs the question of how Indian Americans navigate multiple identities linked both to their country of origin as well as their country of settlement. These data suggest that the vast majority of the Indian immigrant population in the United States were already highly educated prior to arriving in the country. Not surprisingly, of the non-U.S. citizen population, 88 percent of IAAS respondents claim Indian citizenship. Apart from attending religious services, the survey asks respondents how frequently they pray (outside of the times they attend religious services). The top five languages spoken at home among immigrants outside of Spanish are English only (17%), followed by Chinese (6%), Hindi (5%), Filipino/Tagalog (4%) and French (3%). The IAAS asks respondents, Which of the following best describes your personal group of friends? Respondents choose from a list of five possible responses (not counting dont know): that all, most, some, very few, or none of their friends are of Indian origin. In eight states, Canadian immigrants made up the second-largest group, and in four states, the second-most common country of origin was the Philippines. Fourteen percent of non-citizens are on F-1, J-1, or M-1 visascategories of student or scholar visaswhile another 5 percent hold an L-1 visa, a designation available to employees of an international company with offices in the United States. Immigration from Latin America slowed following the Great Recession, particularly for Mexico, which has seen both decreasing flows into the United States and large flows back to Mexico in recent years. By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. Thirty-six percent report that either all or most of their friends are of Indian origin, while 21 percent report that very few or none of their friends are of Indian origin. Third, Christians are much more likely to report that hardly any or none of their Indian friends share their religion. As the number and/or concentration of Indian Americans in a geography increases, one might expect that respondents social networks might become more insular. rise in the number from Central America and Asia. These views, in turn, are further affected both by selection effects (who emigrates) and political dynamics in the country of settlement. The first time Mexicans did not make up the bulk of Border Patrol apprehensions was in 2014. A few findings merit attention. Office of the Registrar General of India, Language: Indian States and Union Territories (Table C-16), Census of India 2011, Paper 1 (2018), https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf. What do the social networks of Indian Americans look like? This paper argues that while there is much that binds the community, there are also nascent signs that these common bonds are being tested as religious cleavages, generational divides, and political polarization invite fragmentation. Furthermore, respondents who did not disclose a caste identity were dropped from the data set. In 2018, roughly 11.2 million immigrants living in the U.S. were from there, accounting for 25% of all U.S. immigrants. 17 This compares with 60 percent as per data from the 2018 ACS. Although the latter difference in perceptions of caste discrimination is tiny, it is nonetheless interesting given the lower degree of caste consciousness among U.S.-born Indian Americans. This population includes naturalized citizens, lawful permanent residents (LPRs), certain legal nonimmigrants (e.g., persons on student or work visas), those admitted under refugee or asylee status, and persons illegally residing in the United States. This section reviews some basic characteristics of the social networks of Indian Americans. Nineteen percent of those who do not identify with a caste group answer similarly. However, thanks to the decline in response rates, the rise of the internet and smartphone penetration, and the evolution in statistical techniques, nonprobability panelssuch as the one YouGov employshave quickly become the norm in survey research.55 For instance, the Economist partnered with YouGov to track political attitudes around the November 2020 U.S. presidential election using a customized panel.56. 24 Christine Tamir, Aidan Connaughton, and Ariana Monique Salazar, The Global God Divide, Pew Research Center, July 20, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/. Send a Message. All attitudinal and perceptual measures and variables discussed in this paper are self-reported measures by respondents. The differences are especially stark for Diwali and Indian Independence Day, where the gap between the two groups is on the order of 20 percentage points. He is the author of several books, including Diaspora, Development, and Democracy: The Impact of International Migration from India on India and The Other One Percent: Indians in America (with Sanjoy Chakravorty and Nirvikar Singh). Its findings are based on a nationally representative online survey of 1,200 Indian American residents in the United Statesthe 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey (IAAS)conducted between September 1 and September 20, 2020, in partnership with research and analytics firm YouGov. In all 15 states except West Virginia the total population increased between 2010 and 2016. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. Of the 337,000 immigrants deported in 2018, some 44% had criminal convictions and 56% were not convicted of a crime. While we are grateful to all of our collaborators, any errors found in this study are entirely the authors. U.S. Census data affirm that Indian Americans enjoy a standard of living that is roughly double that of the median American household, underpinned by substantially greater educational attainmentthe share of Indian Americans with at least a bachelors degree is twice the national average.4 However, these aggregate figures mask severe inequalities within the community. Motivated by their emotional ties to India, as well as their rights and responsibilities as American citizens, Indian Americans have pushed the U.S. government to mount a large-scale humanitarian response.54. Devesh Kapur is the Starr Foundation Professor of South Asian Studies and director of Asia Programs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). However, the magnitude of the effect is modest. Pew Research Center regularly publishes statistical portraits of the nations foreign-born population, which include historical trends since 1960. Given the fact that the majority of younger Indian Americans below age twenty-seven are born in the United States while the opposite is true of those above age twenty-seven, YouGov oversampled younger Indian Americans between the ages of eighteen and twenty-seven to ensure that the studys analyses can make inferences about generational differences within the Indian American community. Comments. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated, Time, March 12, 2020, https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/. For instance, do respondents feel more Indian than American, more American than Indian, equally Indian and American, or neither Indian nor American? where they are the largest immigrant group. However, todays immigrant share remains below the record 14.8% share in 1890, when 9.2 million immigrants lived in the U.S. Two percent of respondents identify as Other, indicating that none of the declared options satisfy them, while just 1 percent identify as Non-resident Indian, the official appellation used by the Government of India to refer to Indian passport holders living outside of India. He was previously a James C. Gaither Junior Fellow. Sixteen percent identify as a member of OBC and 1 percent each identify as Adivasi/Scheduled Tribe (ST) or Dalit/Scheduled Caste (SC). Other states only made the top five list for short periods of time. You are leaving the website for the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy and entering a website for another of Carnegie's global centers. However, the study is not based on a representative sample, raising questions about the generalizability of its findings.29. The IAAS sample includes both citizens and non-U.S. citizens; the former category accounts for 77 percent of the survey respondents. Immigrants from Canada (96%), Oceania (82%), Europe (75%) and sub-Saharan Africa (74%) have the highest rates of English proficiency. This is a genuine puzzle. As the figure demonstrates, foreign-born Indian Americans are significantly more likely to have a spouse or partner who is of Indian origin and born in India. This margin of error is calculated at the 95 percent confidence interval. Respondents for this survey were recruited from an existing panel administered by YouGov. Taken together, more than three-quarters of Indian Americans place a high value on their Indian-ness. Around 22 percent state that their Indian identity is either somewhat or very unimportant.32. For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B here. We welcome and appreciate comments onThe Dallas Express as part of a healthy dialogue. U.S. An additional 7.6 million immigrant workers are unauthorized immigrants, less than the total of the previous year and notably less than in 2007, when they were 8.2 million. Indian Americans exhibit high rates of marriage and low rates of divorce. The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border has doubled from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2019, from 396,579 in fiscal 2018 to 851,508 in fiscal 2019. 51 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?. 23 Americas Changing Religious Landscape, Pew Research Center, May 12, 2015, https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/. Nearly half of all Muslims (48 percent) say they attend religious services regularly as well. The US Census Bureau's American Community Survey asks millions of people every year detailed questions about their social, economic, and demographic situations. Somali immigrants are the second-largest immigrant group in Minnesota. In that sense, the currents coursing their way through the Indian diaspora are perhaps reflective not only of broader developments in American society but alsoand perhaps even to a greater extentthe turbulence afflicting India. Fifty-one percent of Democrats say they are somewhat comfortable with Republican friends and 22 percent say they are not comfortable (more than twice the number of Republicans who felt that way about Democrats). The IAAS survey first asks respondents if they think discrimination against people of Indian origin is a major problem. Seventy-three percent of respondents believe that Asian Americans who are not of Indian origin face more discrimination than Indian Americans. Bookmark Quiz Bookmark Quiz Bookmark. After all, for more than two decades, the Indian diaspora in the United States has been a critical bridge-builder between the two countries.52 But with divisions in the community more apparent and increasingly linked to political disputes in India, we have suggested elsewhere that the diasporas unity of purpose could suffer a setback.53. Since 1820. In terms of regions, about two-thirds of immigrants lived in the West (34%) and South (34%). Douglas Farrar, Cliff Djajapranata, Fiona Garguilo, Jessica Katz, Laura Lucas Magnuson, Lori Merritt, Tim Martin, Jocelyn Soly, and Cameron Zotter contributed design, editorial, and production assistance. Migration Policy Institute tabulation of data from theU.S. Census Bureau's pooled 2009-2013American Community Survey. As the profile of the Indian American community has grown, so too has its economic, political, and social influence. In 2018, China accounted for 149,000 of the new immigrants entering the United States, followed by India (129,000), Mexico (120,000), and the Philippines (46,000). Therefore, the sample size from which these percentages is derived is smalljust one-half of the overall IAAS sample. Sampling weights were then post-stratified on 2016 presidential vote choice, as well as a three-way stratification of gender, age (four categories), and education (four categories), to produce the final weight. 3 (2005): 169187. Overall, 41 percent of respondents rate it as very important and another 37 percent rate it as somewhat important. Do religious differences and partisan politics exacerbate social distance between members of the Indian American community? Data from the Center for Migration Studies shows that 78% of immigrants in California were either naturalized or had some other legal status (including green cards and visas), and about 22% were undocumented as of 2019. Those who wish to do so may apply after meeting certain requirements, including having lived in the U.S. for five years. Thirty-one percent respond that it is a major problem, 53 percent believe it is a minor problem, and a small minority (17 percent) believe it is not a problem at all. In addition, the survey asks respondents whether, in the last twelve months, they have personally felt discriminated against. But how Indian Americans choose to deploy this influence remains an open question. Finally, volunteering or working on a political campaign appears to be the least common form of political engagement. There is a similar trend in naturalization for those who immigrated and later took U.S. citizenship. However, Mexican lawful immigrants have the lowest naturalization rate overall. Most of these children are native-born themselves. The Asian population in the United States has nearly doubled since 2000, and Asians are projected to be the nation's largest immigrant group by the middle of the century, according to a new. Muslims and Christians are significantly more likely than Hindus to say that religion is very important to thema gap of nearly 30 percentage points. In 2017, 45% were naturalized U.S. citizens. Whereas 53 percent of foreign-born Hindu Indian Americans affiliate with a caste group, 34 percent of U.S.-born Hindu Indian Americans do the same. The western state of Gujarat emerges as the most common home state, with 14 percent of respondents calling it their home, followed by Maharashtra (12 percent), Andhra Pradesh (10 percent), and Tamil Nadu (9 percent). Contributing financially to campaigns (14 percent), contacting an elected representative or government official (12 percent), and volunteering on a political campaign (9 percent) are less popular activities.36, As with civic engagement, U.S.-born citizens are the most engaged, followed by foreign-born citizens and non-citizens (see figure 15). Brazil 16,746. New immigrant arrivals have fallen, mainly due to a decrease in the number of unauthorized immigrants coming to the U.S. Thirty percent of non-citizen IAAS respondents possess a green card (or a permanent residency card), which places them on a pathway to gaining U.S. citizenship. Nearly half or around 45% of all Asian immigrants or those of Asian origins live in the West, with around a third (31%) currently living in California . Trend in naturalization for those who wish to do so May apply after meeting certain requirements, having. 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