economic importance of coconut

[184], In March 1521, a description of the coconut was given by Antonio Pigafetta writing in Italian and using the words "cocho"/"cochi", as recorded in his journal after the first European crossing of the Pacific Ocean during the Magellan circumnavigation and meeting the inhabitants of what would become known as Guam and the Philippines. Coconut Prices Set to Soar Amid Civil War and Crop Failures; R Ford; The Grocer; April 8, 2011. Coconut oil is one of nine internationally traded vegetable oils and ranks eighth in global production. The original one is held each October in Greenwich. Domesticated coconuts also have more amounts of coconut water. Coconuts probably originated somewhere in Indo-Malaya and are one of the most important crops of the tropics. Wild coconuts are naturally restricted to coastal areas in sandy, saline soils. The discovery of this behavior was observed in Bali and North Sulawesi in Indonesia between 1998 and 2008. He consulted the catalogue Herbarium Amboinense by Georg Eberhard Rumphius where Rumphius said that coccus was a homonym of coccum and coccus from Greek kokkos meaning "grain"[41] or "berry", but Romans identified coccus with "kermes insects"; Rumphius preferred the word cocus as a replacement. They include morphotaxa like Palmoxylon sundaran, Palmoxylon insignae, and Palmocarpon cocoides. Its fruits are similar to the coconut, but smaller. Fresh husks contain more tannin than old husks. The nuts we had in baskets on deck remained edible and capable of germinating the whole way to Polynesia. [18][19][20], A full-sized coconut fruit weighs about 1.4 kilograms (3pounds 1ounce). Coconut water serves as a suspension for the endosperm of the coconut during its nuclear phase of development. She has worked in some of the worlds most prestigious kitchens, and has published several cookbooks that have become bestsellers. [4], Coconuts can also be broadly divided into two general types based on habit: the "Tall" (var. Several countries' economies are based on the coconut palm. On the eve of Choti Holi . [158], The leftover fiber from coconut oil and coconut milk production, coconut meal, is used as livestock feed. Overall, unsweetened coconut meat makes a great addition to a balanced diet. Specimens have been collected from the sea as far north as Norway (but it is not known where they entered the water). However, several states like Assam, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tripura, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh have emerged as non-traditional areas for the cultivation of coconut. The Coconut Palm (Cocos Nucifera L.) is referred as The Tree of Life due to its incredible value to man and the incredible number of products and by-products that can be created from it. Climbers employed in coconut plantations often develop musculoskeletal disorders and risk severe injury or death from falling. The UAE has, however, imposed strict laws on mature coconut tree imports from other countries to reduce the spread of pests to other native palm trees, as the mixing of date and coconut trees poses a risk of cross-species palm pests, such as rhinoceros beetles and red palm weevils. [14][15], The interior of the endocarp is hollow and is lined with a thin brown seed coat around 0.2mm (164in) thick. It was first developed for commercial cultivation in the Philippines and is used widely in Philippine cuisine for desserts, drinks, and pastries. The origin of dwarf varieties is Southeast Asia, which contain the tall cultivars that are genetically closest to dwarf coconuts. 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. What are the economic importance of coconut? On many islands, coconut is a staple in the diet. nana) varieties. Coconut copra, used to make coconut oil, is prepared at the coconut farms, using very simple techniques and taken to large scale oil mills through a complex and speculative marketing system. Philippine and Malayan dwarf coconuts diverged early into two distinct types. [116], It is one of the most useful trees in the world.[16]. It is the dominant form in the Indo-Atlantic coconuts. [154] Activated carbon manufactured from coconut shell is considered extremely effective for the removal of impurities. This page was last edited on 30 January 2023, at 13:03. On account of this, thepalm has been regarded as Kalpvriksh (Tree of heaven). In Sanskrit, it is kalpa vriksha ("the tree which provides all the necessities of life"). [6] On fertile soil, a tall coconut palm tree can yield up to 75 fruits per year, but more often yields less than 30. [62] The two groups are genetically distinct, with the dwarf variety showing a greater degree of artificial selection for ornamental traits and for early germination and fruiting. [18][19][20] Coconut fruits float readily and have been dispersed widely by ocean currents and by humans throughout the tropics. Her articles have appeared in "Newton Magazine" and she has contributed to myriad popular books, including "Masters of Deception" and "Click: The Ultimate Photography Guide for Generation Now." Although archaeological remains dating back to 1000 to 500BCE also suggest that the Indo-Atlantic coconuts were also later independently cultivated by the Dravidian peoples, only Pacific coconuts show clear signs of domestication traits like dwarf habits, self-pollination, and rounded fruits. Encyclopaedia Brittanica online. [27] However they are mainly present as decoration, and the Australian coconut industry is small; Australia is a net importer of coconut products. [91][85] In other areas, like in Papua New Guinea, coconuts are simply collected when they fall to the ground. As of 2006, the U. Coconut is a crop of small and marginal farmers since 98% of about five million coconut holdings in the country are less than two hectares. A hard shell encloses the insignificant embryo with its abundant endosperm, composed of both meat and liquid. Lately, civil wars and crop failures have driven up the EU Rotterdam coconut oil price, which has doubled during 2010-2011, nearing $2,000 per tonne, according to the UK Grocer. [143], The sap can be reduced by boiling to create a sweet syrup or candy such as te kamamai in Kiribati or dhiyaa hakuru and addu bondi in the Maldives. Neera has a low glycemic count at 35 compared to cane sugar or sugarcane juice that has a glycemic count of 80. de Lourdes Arruzazabala, M.; Molina, V.; Ms, R.; Carbajal, D.; Marrero, D.; Gonzlez, V.; Rodrguez, E. (2007). It can be used in liquid form as would other vegetable oils, or in solid form similar to butter or lard. [76], Coconut palms are normally cultivated in hot and wet tropical climates. They also include fossil fruits that have been tentatively identified as modern Cocos nucifera. In India, the woven coconut leaves are used to build wedding marquees, especially in the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Dried coconut is also used as the filling for many chocolate bars. This is in line with our tagline, Office : Do you know 80 million poor people depend directly on coconut for their livelihood in 90 countries? [57] If they were naturally distributed and had been in the Pacific for a thousand years or so, then we would expect the eastern shore of Australia, with its own islands sheltered by the Great Barrier Reef, to have been thick with coconut palms: the currents were directly into, and down along this coast. However their original distribution was in the Central Indo-Pacific, in the regions of Maritime Southeast Asia and Melanesia. Macapuno is a coconut variety with a jelly-like coconut meat. This type of root system is known as fibrous or adventitious, and is a characteristic of grass species. Adkins S.W., M. Foale and Y.M.S. and early germination on the palm (vivipary) was important. Choti Holi, also known as Holika Dahan, is an important Hindu festival celebrated throughout India, one day before the main Holi festival. Her articles have appeared in "Newton Magazine" and she has contributed to myriad popular books, including "Masters of Deception" and "Click: The Ultimate Photography Guide for Generation Now." 98% of coconut is grown by more than 10 million resource poor smallholder and sharecropper families, on smallholdings under 4 ha. This, together with their use of the South American sweet potato, suggests that Austronesian peoples may have sailed as far east as the Americas. (2008). She earned her B.A. The edible white, fleshy part of the seed (the endosperm) is known as the "coconut meat", "coconut flesh", or "coconut kernel. Some of the dwarf cultivars such as 'Malayan dwarf' have shown some promising resistance to lethal yellowing, while other cultivars such as 'Jamaican tall' are highly affected by the same plant disease. [118][119], Maturity is difficult to assess on an unopened coconut, and there is no technically proven method for determining maturity. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization reports the top producers are the Philippines, Indonesia, Brazil, and India. [49], Coconuts can be broadly divided into two fruit types the ancestral niu kafa form with a thick-husked, angular fruit, and the niu vai form with a thin-husked, spherical fruit with a higher proportion of endosperm. Therefore, heavy turf grass environments (beach resorts and golf courses) also pose a major threat to local coconut trees. Because coconut milk and oil nourish skin, moisturizing, restorative, vitality to skin, has a radiant effect. [21][22], Whole mature coconuts (11 to 13 months from flowering) sold for export, however, typically have the husk removed to reduce weight and volume for transport. Coconut oil is also a main ingredient in Ayurvedic oils. They can also be cooked in sugar and eaten as a dessert in the Philippines known as bukayo.[117][123][124][125][126]. Most less-developed countries depend on agriculture as a major source of income and employment. Therefore, eating coconuts regularly reduces the risk of developing osteoporosis. Consumers feel that fresh-cut fruits and vegetables are the healthiest formats available for processed fruits and vegetables, which has allowed the fresh-cut category to prosper. It can be reduced further to yield coconut sugar also referred to as palm sugar or jaggery. Immature coconuts produce a sloshing sound when shaken (the sharper the sound, the younger it is), while fully mature coconuts do not. Neera is fast becoming a popular drink. Adsule, and S.S. Kadam. [182] The earliest direct description is given by Cosmas Indicopleustes in his Topographia Christiana written around 545, referred to as "the great nut of India". The researchers concluded that it was brought by early Austronesian sailors to the Americas from at least 2,250 BP, and may be proof of pre-Columbian contact between Austronesian cultures and South American cultures. A hard shell encloses the embryo with its abundant endosperm, composed of both meat and liquid. This accompanies the palagip (prayer to the dead). (2015), however, suggests that their diversity in New Zealand indicate that they evolved endemically, rather than being introduced to the islands by long-distance dispersal. Because the nuts can fall from a height of 30 yards, in Southern Asia and Australia, monkeys (e.g., Malaya macaques) are trained to harvest them. What Are the Major Regions of Manufacturing Lisa Smith has been an editor and writer since 1991. Coconuts take 12 months to fully mature and ripen. Conclusion A high source of important vitamins and minerals, as well as high in fibre, fruits are an excellent food choice. It is a haustorium, a spongy absorbent tissue formed from the distal portion of embryo during coconut germination, facilitates absorption of nutrients for the growing shoot and root.[142]. Besides the edible kernels and the drink obtained from green nuts, the harvested coconut also yields copra, the dried extracted kernel, or meat, from which coconut oil, a major vegetable oil, is expressed. Coconut palms yield roughly 20 percent of the market's oils and fats, Just Change Trust estimates. Despite the economic importance of the palm, coconut production continued to show stagnancy in production, productivity, and trade in the recent decade (Sairam and Jayasekhar 2018). However, Cocos is not thought to be indigenous to South America, and the highest genetic diversity is present in Asian Cocos, indicating that at least the modern species Cocos nucifera is native to there. Many insect pests and diseases affect the species and are a nuisance for commercial production. As part of the activities, there was a two-day conference aimed at re-educating Guyanese about the diverse benefits of the coconut fruit focusing on its economic diversification and multipurpose use, while heightening awareness and boosting the local Agro-tourism sector. In Coco Coir Global, we are honored to be the leading coir substrate manufacturing company with top-grade products that are trusted and confirmed by many customers around the world. Coconut palms grow in the wet tropical and subtropical coastal Indian and Pacific ocean regions. After the first six to nine years, the coconut palm bears fruit, producing roughly 50 fruits per tree per year, up to 300. However, they can be found in humid areas with low annual precipitation such as in Karachi, Pakistan, which receives only about 250mm (9+34in) of rainfall per year, but is consistently warm and humid. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. As of 2006, the U.S. annually imported 190 million pounds of coconut oil, whose worldwide trade reached $20 million. However, both James Cook and William Bligh[69] (put adrift after the Bounty mutiny) found no sign of the nuts along this 2,000km (1,200mi) stretch when he needed water for his crew. (2009), assigned it to Cocos based on the size and the ridged shape of the fruit. Various other products made from thickened coconut milk with sugar and/or eggs like coconut jam and coconut custard are also widespread in Southeast Asia. Updates? It is also used as a natural moisturizer, especially for winter. The various products of Coconut include tender Coconut water, copra, Coconut oil, raw Nevertheless, the authors Gomez-Navarro et al. Several countries' economies are based on the coconut palm. Three countries were chosen from the nine as focus countries for implementation: Guyana, Jamaica and Dominican Republic. [34][35][36][37] Coco and coconut apparently came from 1521 encounters by Portuguese and Spanish explorers with Pacific Islanders, with the coconut shell reminding them of a ghost or witch in Portuguese folklore called coco (also cca). The conditions required for coconut trees to grow without any care are: The main limiting factor for most locations which satisfy the rainfall and temperature requirements is canopy growth, except those locations near coastlines, where the sandy soil and salt spray limit the growth of most other trees. As of 2006, the U.S. annually imported 190 million pounds of coconut oil, whose worldwide trade reached $20 million. [177], Some South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Pacific Ocean cultures have origin myths in which the coconut plays the main role. Coconuts can only be grown in temperatures above 18C (64F) and need a daily temperature above 22C (72F) to produce fruit. The shells of the coconut can also be used to create charcoal, which has a variety of industrial and domestic uses. Moreover, it also helps to increase productivity and improve agricultural product value. [181], Literary evidence from the Ramayana and Sri Lankan chronicles indicates that the coconut was present in the Indian subcontinent before the 1st centuryBCE. In the Hainuwele myth from Maluku, a girl emerges from the blossom of a coconut tree. The coconut palm thrives on sandy soils and is highly tolerant of salinity. De-husked coconuts are also easier for consumers to open, but have a shorter postharvest storage life of around two to three weeks at temperatures of 12 to 15C (54 to 59F) or up to 2 months at 0 to 1.5C (32.0 to 34.7F). On many islands, coconut is a staple in the diet. [113], Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) is a surfactant manufactured from coconut oil that is increasingly used as an ingredient in personal hygiene products and cosmetics, such as shampoos, liquid soaps, cleansers and antiseptics, among others. [23] However, there is some evidence that it may be polygamomonoecious and may occasionally have bisexual flowers. [70] In the Hawaiian Islands, the coconut is regarded as a Polynesian introduction, first brought to the islands by early Polynesian voyagers (also Austronesians) from their homelands in the southern islands of Polynesia.[39]. Demand grew by 8 percent annually during 1993 to 2004. Based on linguistic evidence, the absence of words for coconut in the Taiwanese Austronesian languages makes it likely that the Austronesian coconut culture developed only after Austronesians started colonizing the Philippines. [173] In the foothills of the temple town of Palani, before going to worship Murugan for the Ganesha, coconuts are broken at a place marked for the purpose. It is offered during worship to a Hindu god or goddess. It is an important commercial product obtained from the husk of coconut. Self Magazine. Coconuts are high in fiber, which helps bulk up your stool and supports bowel regularity, keeping your digestive system healthy ( 6 , 17 ). [21][22], Unlike some other plants, the palm tree has neither a taproot nor root hairs, but has a fibrous root system. Saturday &Sunday CLOSED, Hybrid Coconut seedlings, Deejay Sampoorna. It contains less than 3% of the original moisture content of coconut meat. You probably already have everything you need in your pantry, kitchen, or medicine cabinet. AGRI INFO - My Agriculture Information Bank, Importance, Composition and Uses of Coconut. It also promotes scalp health by fighting against insect bite, lice and dandruff. [175], The coconut is also used as a target and prize in the traditional British fairground game coconut shy. Whether you are starting your first company or you are a dedicated entrepreneur diving into a new venture, Bizfluent is here to equip you with the tactics, tools and information to establish and run your ventures. The tradition began in the 1910s, and has continued since. Economic theory posits that economic welfare is the total benefit available to society provided by various economic transaction and situation (Economic Online, 2014). The 2014 coral atoll origin hypothesis proposed that the coconut had dispersed in an island hopping fashion using the small, sometimes transient, coral atolls. Due to growing sedentary lifestyles and heavy-handed landscaping, a decline in these traditional farming and soil-fixing techniques has occurred. Though safer and faster than the climbing method, its main disadvantage is that it does not allow workers to examine and clean the crown of coconuts for pests and diseases. Some of the intercrops identified include cassava, bananas, blackpepper and ginger. Handwritten notes availableIf you find any doubt then you can ask me in the comment section below Please do like,share, comment the video and subscr. [33], The name coconut is derived from the 16th-century Portuguese word coco, meaning 'head' or 'skull' after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features. A young, well-maintained tree can produce around 300 litres (79 US gallons) of toddy per year, while a 40-year-old tree may yield around 400L (110USgal). [101], Coconut flour has also been developed for use in baking, to combat malnutrition. Is eating coconut good for your skin? Coir Developments Much of coir production is done by small holders meaning production is scattered and at small volumes. Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is the sole species of the genus Cocos belonging to the subfamily Cocoideae which includes 27 genera and 600 species.It is a diploid with 32 chromosomes (2n=32), guma', Therefore, as well as dwarf cultivars, Slightly nutty odor, tender coconut, coconut oil and processed . They were selected for by the Austronesian peoples for their larger endosperm-to-husk ratio as well as higher coconut water content, making them more useful as food and water reserves for sea voyages. It was the world's largest producer for decades until a decline in production due to aging trees as well as typhoon devastation. [58] Coconuts also need high humidity (at least 7080%) for optimum growth, which is why they are rarely seen in areas with low humidity. In large amounts, coconut water might cause potassium levels in the blood to become too high. All the parts-of the Wonder palm are useful to making in one way or other. Long-term consumption of coconut oil may have negative health effects similar to those from consuming other sources of saturated fats, including butter, beef fat, and palm oil. Use aloe vera to keep skin strong and healthy. During germination, the embryo pushes out of the functional pore and forms a haustorium (the coconut sprout) inside the central cavity. [158], In World War II, coastwatcher scout Biuku Gasa was the first of two from the Solomon Islands to reach the shipwrecked and wounded crew of Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109 commanded by future U.S. president John F. Kennedy. [18][19] Niu vai endocarp fragments have been recovered in archaeological sites in the St. Matthias Islands of the Bismarck Archipelago. [102], Coconut milk, not to be confused with coconut water, is obtained by pressing the grated coconut meat, usually with hot water added which extracts the coconut oil, proteins, and aromatic compounds. [103] Other states, such as Goa, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal, and those in the northeast (Tripura and Assam) account for the remaining productions. Linguistic, archaeological, and genetic evidence all point to the early domestication of Pacific coconuts by the Austronesian peoples in maritime Southeast Asia during the Austronesian expansion (c.3000 to 1500BCE). They grow best near sea level, within 15 degrees of the Equator. It noted that by using these small atolls, the species could easily island-hop. Palm. Theyre mostly green until they fully mature. "Effects of coconut oil on testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia in Sprague-Dawley rats". (2009). (January 27, 1967). It also promotes scalp health by fighting against insect bite, lice and dandruff. Apart from the importance of copra and coconut oil which is widely used in the manufacture of soaps, hair oil, cosmetics and other value-added & industrial products, its husk is a source offibrewhich supports a sizable coir industry. Lately, civil wars and crop failures have driven up the EU Rotterdam coconut oil price, which has doubled during 2010-2011, nearing $2,000 per tonne, according to the UK Grocer. A single coconut palm may yield 100 coconuts annually, and each fruit requires a year to fully ripen. She earned her B.A. Both the exocarp and the mesocarp make up the "husk" of the coconut, while the endocarp makes up the hard coconut "shell". Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Learn how and when to remove this template message, more deaths are caused by falling coconuts than by sharks, Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, "Rise in coconut yield, farming area put India on top", "How Long Does It Take for a Coconut Tree to Get Coconuts? [95], The practice of using macaques to harvest coconuts was exposed in Thailand by the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in 2019, resulting in calls for boycotts on coconut products. Coconut is the fruit of the coconut palm. [118][119] Another method is to shake the coconut. In Cambodia, the roots are used in traditional medicine as a treatment for dysentery. When left to ferment on its own, it becomes palm wine. All rights reserved. [138] Coconut oil extracted from coconut milk or copra is also used for frying, cooking, and making margarine, among other uses.[134][139]. Hearts of palm are eaten in salads, sometimes called "millionaire's salad". Fishermen give an offering of coconut to the sea to celebrate the beginning of a new fishing season. Malakanin (literally "cooked rice-like") refers to young coconut meat (around 78 months old) which has a more opaque white appearance, a soft texture similar to cooked rice, and can still be easily scraped off the coconut shell. Some seasonal variation is tolerated, with good growth where mean summer temperatures are between 28 and 37C (82 and 99F), and survival as long as winter temperatures are above 412C (3954F); they will survive brief drops to 0C (32F). Global Coconut production yields 6 million tons in coconut oil equivalent annually and 70% is produced by Philippines, Indonesia and India, Coconut area as a % of viable arable and permanent cropland. [1] [citation needed], Indonesia is the world's largest producer of coconuts, with gross production of 15million tonnes. Omissions? They can be sorted mainly into tall cultivars, dwarf cultivars, and hybrid cultivars (hybrids between talls and dwarfs). of tender .coconut and is used as refreshing and agreeable drink and as a useful substitute for saline glucose in intravenous infusion. The small cylindrical embryo is embedded in the solid endosperm directly below the functional pore of the endosperm. Few plants are as versatile as the coconut.

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